Introduction to acute pain

Immediate and intermediate outcomes of postoperative pain control

Long-term outcomes: the pre-emptive analgesia controversy

Clinical Interventions:

• Intravenous patient-controlled analgesia

• Epidural analgesia and patient-controlled epidural analgesia

Ballantyne JC, Carr DB, et al. The comparative effects of postoperative analgesic therapies on pulmonary outcome: cumulative meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Anesth Analg 1998;86:598-612.

Dahl JB, Moiniche S. Pre-emptive analgesia. Br Med Bull 2004; 71: 13-27.

Dolin SJ, Cashman JN, Bland JM. Effectiveness of acute postoperative pain management: I. Evidence from published data. Br J Anaesth 2002;89:409-23.

Hudcova J, McNicol E, et al. Patient controlled intravenous opioid analgesia versus conventional opioid analgesia for postoperative pain control: A quantitative systematic review. Acute Pain 2005;7:115-132.